Lecture in Sound

This is the lecture in Sound as one topic in Applied Physics subject in taking up Engineering Courses.

Determine the speed of sound in air at one atmosphere of pressure at different temperatures.
Distinguish between the following terms: pitch, frequency, wavelength, sound intensity, loudness.
Determine intensity level in decibels of a sound if the intensity of the sound is given in W/m².
Explain how a standing wave can be produced in a wind instrument open at both ends or closed at one end and calculate the frequencies produced by different harmonics of pipes of a given length.
Determine the beat frequency produced by two tuning forks of different frequencies.
Explain how an interference pattern can be produced by two sources of sound of the same wavelength separated by a distance d.
Solve problems involving two sources for m, d, λ, and the angular separation (θ) when the other quantities are given.
Solve for the frequency of the sound heard by a listener and the wavelength of the sound between a source and the listener when the frequency of the sound produced by the source and the velocity of both the source and the listener are given.
Explain how a shock wave can be produced and what is meant by the term "sonic boom."

Sound is a longitudinal wave in a medium.
The pitch of the sound depends on the frequency.
The loudness of the sound depends on the intensity and also on the sensitivity of the ear.
The strings on stringed instruments produce a fundamental tone whose wavelength is twice the length of the string; there are also various harmonics present.
Wind instruments have a vibrating column of air when played. If the tube is open, the fundamental is twice its length; if it is closed the fundamental is four times the tube length.
Sound waves exhibit interference; if two sounds are at slightly different frequencies they produce beats.
The Doppler effect is the shift in frequency of a sound due to motion of the source or the observer.

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