This is the summary notes of the important terms and concepts in Chapter 14 of the book "Electronic Communications System" by Wayne Tomasi. The notes are properly synchronized and concise for much better understanding of the book. Make sure to familiarize this review notes to increase the chance of passing the ECE Board Exam.
Items
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Definitions
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Terms
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1
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Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called
radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio propagation.
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Free-space
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2
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Electrical energy that has escaped into free space.
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Electromagnetic wave
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3
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The orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the
surface of the Earth.
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Polarization
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4
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Polarization remains constant
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Linear Polarization
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5
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Forms of Linear polarization
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Horizontal Polarization and Vertical
Polarization
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6
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Polarization vector rotates 360◦ as the wave moves one
wave-length through the space and the field strength is equal at all angles
of polarization.
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Circular Polarization
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7
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Field strength varies with changes in polarization.
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Elliptical Polarization
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8
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Used to show the relative direction of electromagnetic wave
propagation.
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Rays
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9
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Formed when two points of equal phase on rays propagated from
the same source are joined together.
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Wavefront
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10
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A single location from which rays propagate equally in all
directions.
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Point source
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11
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Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a
conductor when current is flowing through.
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Magnetic Field
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12
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Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a conductor
is expressed mathematically as:
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H = 1/2πd
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13
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Invisible force fields produced by a difference in voltage
potential between two conductors.
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Electric fields
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14
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Electric filed strength (E) is expressed mathematically as:
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E = q/4πЄd2
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15
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Dielectric constant of the material separating the two
conductors.
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Permittivity
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16
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The permittivity of air or free space is approximately.
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8.85 x 10-12 F/m
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17
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The rate at which energy passes through a given surface area
in free space.
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Power density
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18
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Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an
electromagnetic wave propagating in free space.
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Field intensity
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19
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Mathematically power density is expressed as:
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P = €H W/m2
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20
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The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission medium
is equal to the square root of the ratio of its magnetic permeability to its
electric permittivity.
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Zs = (μo/Єo)1/2
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21
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Point source that radiates power at a constant rate uniformly
in all directions.
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Isotropic radiator
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22
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Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the source.
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Inverse Square Law
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23
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Propagation medium.
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Isotropic medium
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24
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Waves propagate through free space; they spread out, resulting
in a reduction in power density.
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Attenuation
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25
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Reduction of Power.
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Absorption Loss
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26
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Reduction in power density with distance is equivalent to a
power loss.
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Wave attenuation
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27
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Spherical spreading of the wave.
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Space attenuation
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28
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One with uniform properties throughout.
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Homogeneous medium
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29
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Absorption coefficient varies considerably with location, thus
creating a difficult problem for radio systems engineers.
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Inhomogeneous medium
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30
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Optical properties of Radio Waves.
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Refraction, Reflection, Diffraction and Interference
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31
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Bending of the radio wave path.
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Refraction
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32
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Square root of the dielectric constant and is expressed in:
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Refractive index;
n = (k)
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33
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(k) Equivalent dielectric constant relative to free space
(vacuum).
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K = (1- 81N/f2)1/2
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34
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Boundary between two media with different densities.
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Plane
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35
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Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface at the
point of incidence.
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Normal
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36
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Angle formed between the incident wave and the normal.
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Angle of Incidence
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37
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Angle formed between the refracted wave and the normal.
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Angle of Refraction
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38
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Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space
to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a given material.
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Refractive Index
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39
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Perpendicular to the direction of propagation (parallel to the
waveform)
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Density gradient
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40
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To cast or turn back.
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Reflect
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41
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Ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage intensities.
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Reflection Coefficient
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42
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Portion of the total incident power that is not reflected.
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Power transmission Coefficient
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43
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Fraction of power that penetrates medium 2.
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Absorption coefficient
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44
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Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is
randomly scattered in many directions.
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Diffuse reflection
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45
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Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface.
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Specular (mirror like) Reflection
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46
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Surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular.
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Semirough surfaces
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47
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Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth surface
whenever the cosine of the angle of incidence is greater than λ/8d,
where d is the depth of the surface irregularity and λ is the wavelength
of the incident wave.
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Rayleigh criterion
Cos θi > λ/8d
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48
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Modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when
it passes near the edge of an opaque object.
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Diffraction
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49
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Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle, which
allows secondary waves to “sneak” around the corner of the obstacle.
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Shadow zone
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50
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States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in
space is the sum of the individual wave vectors.
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Linear Superposition
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51
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Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earth’s atmosphere.
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Terrestrial waves
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52
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Communications between two or more points on Earth.
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Terrestrial radio
Communications
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53
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Used for high-frequency applications.
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Sky waves
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54
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Earth –guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the
surface of earth.
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Surface wave
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55
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Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces:
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56
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Disadvantages of surface waves.
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1. Ground waves require a relatively
transmission power.
2. Ground waves are limited to very low,
low and medium frequencies.
3. Requiring large antennas.
4. Ground losses vary considerably with
surface material and composition.
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57
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Advantages of ground wave propagation.
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1. Given enough transmit power, round waves
can be used to communicate between any two locations in the world.
2. Ground waves are relatively unaffected
by changing atmospheric conditions.
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58
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Travel essentially in a straight line between transmit and
receive antennas.
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Direct waves
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59
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Space wave propagation with direct waves.
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Line-of-Sight (LOS)
Transmission
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60
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The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space wave
propagation.
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Radio Horizon
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61
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Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such that
electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and Earth’s surface.
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Duct propagation
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62
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Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located approximately
between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km to 100 km) above Earth’s surface.
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D Layer
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63
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Located approximately between 60 miles and 85 miles (100 km to
140 km) above Earth’s surface.
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E Layer
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64
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The upper portion of the E layer.
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Sporadic E layer
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65
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Made up of two layers, F 1 and F 2 layers.
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F Layer
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66
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Highest frequency that can be propagated directly upward and
still be returned to Earth by the ionosphere.
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Critical frequency
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67
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Maximum vertical angle at which it can be propagated and still
be refracted back by the ionosphere.
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Critical Angle
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68
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A measurement technique used to determine the critical
frequency.
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Ionospheric Sounding
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69
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Height above the Earth’s surface from which a refracted wave appears
to have been reflected.
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Virtual Height
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70
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Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation
between two specific points on Earth’s surface.
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Maximum Usable
Frequency (MUF)
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71
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Secant law.
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MUF = critical frequency/cosθi
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72
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Operating at a frequency of 85% of the MUF provides more
reliable communications.
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Optimum Working
Frequency (OWF)
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73
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Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky wave at a
given frequency will be returned to Earth.
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Skip distance
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74
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The area between where the surface waves are completely
dissipated and the point where the first sky wave returns to Earth.
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Quiet, or skip, zone
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75
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Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky waves to
travel higher before being returned to Earth.
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Ceiling
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76
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Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic waves as it
propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or
reflection of energy from nearby objects.
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Free-space path loss
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77
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Occurs simply because of the inverse square law.
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Spreading loss
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78
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Variation in signal loss.
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Fading
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79
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To accommodate temporary fading, an additional loss is added
to the normal path loss
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Fade margin
Fm = 30 logD + 10log (6ABf) – 10log (1-R) –
70
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