Chapter 21: Introduction to Data Communications and Networking - Review Notes

This is the summary notes of the important terms and concepts in Chapter 21 of the book "Electronic Communications System" by Wayne Tomasi. The notes are properly synchronized and concise for much better understanding of the book. Make sure to familiarize this review notes to increase the chance of passing the ECE Board Exam.

CHAPTER 21

INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Items	Definitions	Terms
1	Information that is stored in digital form. Information that has been processed organized and stored.	Data
2	Knowledge or intelligence.	Information
3	The transmission, reception, and processing of digital information.	Data Communications
4	It is to transfer digital information from one place to another.	Data Communications Circuit
5	A set of devices interconnected by media links.	Network
6	Systems of interrelated computers and computer equipment and can be as simple as a personal computer connected together through the PTN.	Data Communications Networks
7	Automatic teller machine	ATM
8	When was one of the earliest means of communicating electrically coded information occurred?	1753
9	In 1833, he developed an unusual system based on a five-by-five matrix representing 25 letters. The idea was to send message over a single wire.	Carl Friedrich Gauss
10	The first successful data communications that was invented in 1832. Dots and Dashes.	Telegraph
11	He invented the first practical data communications code which is called Morse Code.	Samuel F.B. Morse
12	Allegedly invented the first telegraph in England.	1. Sir Charles Wheatstone 2. Sir William Cooke
13	In 1874, he invented the telegraph multiplexer which Emile allowed up to six different telegraph machines to be transmitted simultaneously over a single wire.	Emile Baudot
14	It was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell.	Telephone
15	He succeeded in sending radio telegraph messages.	Guglielmo Marconi
16	The only means of sending information across large spans of water until 1920.	Telegraph
17	A German engineer, demonstrated a computing machine sometime in the late 1930s.	Konrad Zuis
18	Developed the ENIAC computer on Feb. 14, 1946	J. Presper Eckert John Mauchley
19	A technique that process one job at a time.	Batch Processing
20	Built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corp., was the First mass-produced electronic computer.	UNIVAC Computer
21	A public data communications network used by millions of people all over the world to exchange business and personal information.	Internet
22	Private data communications networks used by many companies to exchange information among employees and resources.	Intranet
23	Any system of computers, computer terminals or computer peripheral equipment used to transmit and receive information between two or more locations.	Data Communications Network
24	A set of equipment, transmission media and procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of events occurs in a network in the proper order to produce the intended results.	Network Architecture
25	Messages are intended for all subscribers on the network.	Broadcasting
26	Messages are intended for a specific group of subscribers.	Multicasting
27	Defines the procedures that the systems involved in the communications process will use.	Protocols
28	Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data within the network or a portion of the network.	Data Communications Protocols
29	The list of the protocols used by a system.	Protocol Stack
30	It consists of two or more independent levels.	Layered Network Architecture
31	A logical connection is established between the endpoints prior to the transmission of data.	Connection Oriented or Connectionless
32	They are designed to provide a high degree of reliability for data moving through the network.	Connection-Oriented Protocol
33	A connection process that occurs between two stations before any data are actually transmitted. Another terms: ·         Sessions ·         Virtual circuits ·         logical connections	Handshake
34	It refers to the structure or format of the data within the message, which includes the sequence in which the data are sent.	Syntax
35	Guidelines that have been generally accepted by the data communications industry. Types of standards: Ø Proprietary system -open Ø open system	Data Communications Standards
36	Generally controlled and manufactured by one company.	Proprietary Standard
37	The international organization for standardization on a wide range of subjects.	International Standards Organization (ISO)
38	The member of ISO from the United States.	American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
39	It is formerly CCITT, one of four permanent parts is based in Geneva, Switzerland.	International Telecommunications Union
40	Modem interfaces and data transmission over the telephone lines.	V series
41	Data transmission over public digital Network, e-mail and directory services.	X series
42	An international professional organization founded in the United States and is comprised of electronics, computer and communications engineers.	Institute of Electrical & IEEE)and Electronics Engineers
43	A non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and recommends industrial standards.	Electronics Industry Association (EIA)
44	The leading trade association in the communications and information technology industry.	Telecommunications Industry Association
45	The research arm of the Department of Defense in 1957.	Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
46	A large international community of network designers, operators, vendors and researches concerned with the evolution of the internet architecture and the smooth operation of the internet.	Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
47	It promotes research of importance to the evolution of the future Internet by creating focused, long term and small research groups working on topics related to internet protocols.	Internet Research Task Force  (IRTF)
48	A unit of data.	Protocol data Unit (PDU)
49	The process of adding and removing the PDU information.	Encapsulation/Decapsulation
50	It means to place in a capsule or other protected environment.	Encapsulate
51	It means to remove from a capsule or other protected environment.	Decapsulate
52	Defines which entity the service is intended.	Service Access Point (SAP)
53	The name for the set of standards for communicating among computers Seven OSI layers: ·         application ·         presentation ·         session ·         transport ·         network ·         data link ·         physical	Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
54	Responsible for the actual propagation of unstructured data bits through a transmission medium.	Physical Layer
55	Responsible for providing error-free communications across the physical link connecting primary and secondary stations within a network.	Data Link Layer
56	Provides details that enable data to be routed between devices in an environment using multiple networks, subnetwork, or both.	Network Layer
57	Controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity of the data message propagated through the network between two devices, which provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between two endpoints.	Transport Layer
58	Responsible for network availability.	Session Layer
59	Provides independence to the application processes by addressing any code or syntax conversion necessary to present the data to the network in a common communications format.	Presentation Layer
60	It provides distributed information services and controls the sequence of activities within an application.	Application Layer
61	An endpoint where subscribers gain access to the circuit.	Station
62	Another term of station which is the location of computers, computer terminals, workstations and other digital computing equipment.	Node
63	Interconnects digital computer equipment.	Facilities
64	Provides means to enter data from humans.	Source
65	Encodes a wireless radio system without being converted to analog first.	Transmitter
66	Carries the encoded signals from the transmitter to the receiver.	Transmission Medium
67	Converts the encoded signals received from the transmission medium back to their original form.	Receiver
68	It could be a mainframe computer, personal computer workstation or virtually any piece of digital equipment.	Destination
69	A type of transmission where all four bits can be transmitted simultaneously during the time of a single clock pulse.	Parallel by Bit or Serial by Character
70	Transmission where four clock pulses are required to transmit the entire four-bit code.	Serial by Bit
71	It involves only two locations or stations	Two-Point  Configuration
72	It involves three or more stations.	Multi-point Configuration
73	Data transmission is unidirectional where information can be sent in only one direction.	Simplex
74	Also called Receive-Only, Transmit Only or One-way-only Lines	Simplex Lines
75	Data transmission is possible in both directions but not at the same time. Another term: ·         two way alternate lines ·         either way lines	Half Duplex
76	Transmissions are possible in both directions between two stations simultaneously, but they must be between same time. Another terms; ·         Two-way simultaneous ·         duplex ·         both-way lines	Full Duplex
77	Transmission is possible in both directions at the same time but not between the same two stations. It is possible only on multipoint circuits.	Full/Full Duplex
78	The process of sharing resources between computers over a data communications network.	Networking
79	The manual technique of moving data on disks.	Sneaker Net
80	Computers that hold shared files, programs and the network operating system.	Servers
81	Computers that access and use the network and shared network resources.	Client
82	The facilities used to interconnect computers in a network.	Transmission Media
83	Data that file servers provide to clients.	Shared Data
84	Hardware resources provided to the users of the network by servers.	Shared Printers and other peripherals
85	An expansion card and prepares and sends data, receives data and controls data flow between the computer and the network.	Network Interface Card (NIC)
86	Allows personal computers to access files, print to a local printer and have and use one or more disk and CD drives that are located on the computer.	Local Operating System (LOS)
87	A program that runs on computers and servers that allows the computers to communicate over a network.	Network Operating System (NOS)
88	One in which all computers share their resources.	Peer - to - Peer Client/ Server Network
89	One computer is designated the server and the rest of the computers are clients.	Dedicated Client/Server Network
90	Describes the layout or appearance of a network.	Network Topology
91	Describes how the network is actually laid out.	Physical Topology
92	Describes how data actually flow through the network.	Logical Topology
93	A multipoint data communications network where remote stations are connected by cable segments directly to a central located computer.	Star Topology
94	A multipoint data communications circuit that makes it relatively simple to control data flow between and among the computers.	Bus Topology
95	A multipoint data communications network where all stations are interconnected in tandem to form a closed loop or circle.	Ring Topology
96	Every station has a direct two-point communications link to every other station on the circuit.	Mesh Topology
97	Combining two or more of the traditional topologies to form a larger, more complex topology.	Hybrid Topology
98	Privately own networks in which 10 to 40 compute share data resources with one or more file server.	Local Area Networks (LANs)
99	A high-speed network similar to a LAN except the are designed to encompass larger areas, usually that of an entire city.	Metropolitan Area Networks  (MANs)
100	Provides low-speed, long distance transmission of data voice, and video information over large and widely dispersed geographical areas such as country or an entire continent. It interconnects cities or states.	Wide Area Network (WAN)
101	Bit rate of WANs.	1.5 Mbps-2.4 Gbps
102	Provides connects between countries around the entire globe.	Global Area Network (GANs)
103	A network connection that normally carries traffic between departmental LANs within a single company.	Building Backbone
104	A network connection used to carry traffic to and from LANs located in various buildings on campus.	Campus Backbone
105	Developed by Department of Defense, comprise of several interactive modules that provide specific functionality.	TCP/IP Protocol Suite
106	The network layer of TCP/IP.	Internet layer/ Internet work Layer
107	Transport layer of TCP/IP.	Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User datagram Protocol (UDP)
108	Provides a means of physically delivering data packets using frames or cells.	Network Access Layer
109	Contains information that pertains to how data can be routed through the network.	Internet Layer
110	Services the process and internet layers to handle the reliability and session aspects of data transmission.	Host-to-Host Layer
111	Provides applications support.	Process Layer
112	Defines a three layer logical hierarchy that specifies where things belong, how they fit together and what functions go where. Three layers: ·         Core layer ·         Distribution layer ·         access layer	Cisco Three-Layer Model
113	The core of the network as it resides at the top of the hierarchy and is responsible for transporting large amounts of data traffic reliably and quickly.	Core Layer
114	The communications point between the access and the core layer that provides routing, filtering, WAN access and how data packets are allowed to access the core layer.	Distribution Layer
115	Another term for Distribution layer.	Workgroup Layer
116	Controls workgroup and individual user access to internetworking resources.	Access Layer
117	Another term for Access layer.	Desktop Layer

Complete List of Reviewers in Electronic Communications System per Chapter

Reviewer in Electronic Communications System by Wayne Tomasi

Important List of Communications Engineering Materials

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials

Series of Communications Engineering Exams: ECE Pre-Board

Series of Questions and Answers in Communications Engineering

Multiple Choice Questions in Data Communications and Networking

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